![]() Antibodies are able to latch onto the antigens using a unique binding site, which then disables the invaders. ✅ The body wants to fight antigens off, so it recognizes these substances and starts making antibodies. These are harmful substances that come from outside the body, such as from viruses or bacteria. Now, there are different types of antigens, but, for our purposes here, let’s zoom in on foreign, disease-causing antigens. ![]() And antigens are substances that can stimulate the body’s production of antibodies. antigensĪntibodies are special protein molecules that the immune system produces in response to antigens. This immunity is usually indicated by the presence of a critical part of the immune system: antibodies. ✅ Your body has immunity when it is resistant to a particular disease. One major type of foreign substances the immune system fends off are pathogens: infectious agents, especially viruses and bacteria, that cause disease. It includes the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymph tissue, stem cells, white blood cells, antibodies, and lymphokines. The immune system is an incredibly complex network of cells that identify and defend against foreign substances in your body. What is immunity?īefore we can discuss antibodies, we need to take a big-picture look at the immune system. Continuing our mission to keep you informed and up-to-date, we’re providing a primer to very complicated topics, and terms, in immunology-complete with a handy glossary to all things antibodies at the end and some checkmarks (✅) to help you digest the key takeaways along the way. It also includes serological tests to determine if a person has antibodies that can signal immunity to COVID-19.īut what does serological mean, and what are antibodies, for that matter? As the coronavirus pandemic evolves, we know that vocabulary and concepts evolve with it. This includes diagnostic testing to determine if one is infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. ![]() Testing continues to be a major story-and concern-amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Likely future trends are also discussed.Terms and concepts to understand coronavirus antibody testingīy John Kelly, Senior Research Editor at This article will review the technologies currently used to make monoclonal antibodies with particular emphasis on mammalian cell culture. ![]() Cell line creation is often the slowest step in this stage of process development. In addition to improving process/cost efficiencies, a second key area has been reducing the time taken to develop processes and produce the first material required for clinical testing and proof-of-principle. This success has resulted from improvements in expression technology and from process optimisation, especially the development of fed-batch cultures. This has been particularly successful in the upstream part of the process where productivity of cell cultures has improved 100 fold in the last 15 years. This has resulted in rapid expansion of global manufacturing capacity, an increase in size of reactors (up to 20,000 L) and a greatly increased effort to improve process efficiency with concomitant manufacturing cost reduction. The clinical and commercial success of monoclonal antibodies has led to the need for very large-scale production in mammalian cell culture. ![]()
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